states of sufism

[107][108], The Amman Message, a detailed statement issued by 200 leading Islamic scholars in 2005 in Amman, specifically recognized the validity of Sufism as a part of Islam. [66], Two of al-Ghazali's greatest treatises are the Revival of Religious Sciences and what he termed "its essence", the Kimiya-yi sa'ādat. He cites the early shaykhs (shuyukh al-salaf) such as Al-Fuḍayl ibn ‘Iyāḍ, Ibrahim ibn Adham, Ma`ruf al-Karkhi, Sirri Saqti, Junayd of Baghdad, and others of the early teachers, as well as Abdul-Qadir Gilani, Hammad, Abu al-Bayan and others of the later masters— that they do not permit the followers of the Sufi path to depart from the divinely legislated command and prohibition. The Suhrawardiyyah order of Sufism gained popularity in Bengal. Ongoing efforts by both traditionally trained Muslim scholars and Western academics are making al-Ghazali's works more widely available in English translation, allowing English-speaking readers to judge for themselves the compatibility of Islamic Law and Sufi doctrine. A Sheikh or shaykh (Arabic: شيخ shaykh; ; pl. Sufi practices, while attractive to some, are not a means for gaining knowledge. The monarchy was abolished by Muammar Gaddafi but, a third of Libyan still claim to be Senussi. [citation needed] In many places a person or group would endow a waqf to maintain a lodge (known variously as a zawiya, khanqah, or tekke) to provide a gathering place for Sufi adepts, as well as lodging for itinerant seekers of knowledge. Historically, Sufi Saints permitted and encouraged it, whilst maintaining that musical instruments and female voices should not be introduced, although these are commonplace today. His order was Junaidia, which links to the golden chain of many Sufi orders. It derives its name from Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine (1720–1793), a native of the Algerian region of Kabylia. [97] Sufis have historically revered Muhammad as the prime personality of spiritual greatness. The essence of this order was insistence on rigid adherence to Sharia and nurturing love for the Prophet. Turkey and Persia together have been a center for many Sufi lineages and orders. Currently active Sufi academics and publishers include Llewellyn Vaughan-Lee, Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Abdullah Nooruddeen Durkee, Waheed Ashraf, Hamza Yusuf, Zaid Shakir, Omer Tarin, Ahmed Abdur Rashid and Timothy Winter. For a systematic description of the diseases of the heart that are to be overcome in order for this perspective to take root, see Hamza Yusuf, Concerning this, and for an excellent discussion of the concept of attraction (. The following articles by Kinney and Bayman illustrate some general trends and … [170], Moinuddin Chishti was born in 1141 and died in 1236. Imam Shadhili also gave eighteen valuable hizbs (litanies) to his followers out of which the notable Hizb al-Bahr[165] is recited worldwide even today. Other noteworthy Sufi teachers who have been active in the West in recent years include Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, Inayat Khan, Nazim Al-Haqqani, Muhammad Alauddin Siddiqui, Javad Nurbakhsh, Bulent Rauf, Irina Tweedie, Idries Shah, Muzaffer Ozak, Nahid Angha, and Ali Kianfar. The Senussi tribes of Libya and the Sudan are one of the strongest adherents of Sufism. [47][48] Hosein Nasr states that non-Islamic origin theories are false according to the point of view of Sufism. For an introduction to the normative creed of Islam as espoused by the consensus of scholars, see Hamza Yusuf. Some Sufi orders[123] engage in ritualized dhikr ceremonies, or sema. Thus Sufism has been characterized as the science of the states of the lower self (the ego), and the way of purifying this lower self of its reprehensible traits, while adorning it instead with what is praiseworthy, whether or not this process of cleansing and purifying the heart is in time rewarded by esoteric knowledge of God. [17] Sufis played an important role in the formation of Muslim societies through their missionary and educational activities. In popular Sufism (i.e. By removing his black cloak (hırka), he is spiritually reborn to the truth. For other uses, see, "Tasawuf" redirects here. While Sufism developed out of the fusion of Qur’anic ascetic tendencies and the vast fund of Christian (and other) mystical sayings present throughout the classical world, by approximately the 10th century it had become a uniquely Islamic feature. Most Muslims who devoted their major efforts to developing the spiritual dimensions of the human person came to be known as Sufis.[42]. The persona of Muhammad has historically been and remains an integral and critical aspect of Sufi belief and practice. "[145] The doctrine of saints was articulated by Islamic scholars very early on in Muslim history,[146][147][6][148] and particular verses of the Quran and certain hadith were interpreted by early Muslim thinkers as "documentary evidence"[6] of the existence of saints. xiv-xvi. There is not in the horizons, beyond the horizons or below the horizons, anyone more elegant, more noble, more knowing, more just, more fearsome, or more compassionate, than the subject of this tale. "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God".[174]. 1 (2019): 17–49. [22] Ibn al-Arif was one of the first to interpret Ghazali in the West, and he also founded a method of spiritual training called tariqah. Read "The Elements of Sufism" by Shaykh Fadhlalla Haeri available from Rakuten Kobo. Then he brings to his heart the Name of the Essence—Allâh—and as it courses through his heart he remains attentive to its meaning, which is "Essence without likeness". [13] Ibn Arabi also maintains that Muhammad is the master of all of humanity in both this world and the afterlife. He is the leader of created beings, the one "whose name is glorious Ahmad"[Quran 61:6]. The order was formalized by his nephew, Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi. [79], In the modern world, the classical interpretation of Sunni orthodoxy, which sees in Sufism an essential dimension of Islam alongside the disciplines of jurisprudence and theology, is represented by institutions such as Egypt's Al-Azhar University and Zaytuna College, with Al-Azhar's current Grand Imam Ahmed el-Tayeb recently defining "Sunni orthodoxy" as being a follower "of any of the four schools of [legal] thought (Hanafi, Shafi’i, Maliki or Hanbali) and ... [also] of the Sufism of Imam Junayd of Baghdad in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification. This article is about Sufism. [90][91] However, this belief puts Sufism in "direct conflict" with Shia Islam, since both the Qutb (who for most Sufi orders is the head of the order) and the Imam fulfill the role of "the purveyor of spiritual guidance and of Allah's grace to mankind". This is the first representative collection of the master's teachings – making it the perfect book for anyone who has been intrigued by his writings but unsure about where to start in his sixteen-volume collected works. [53] From the twelfth to the fourteenth century, "the general veneration of saints, among both people and sovereigns, reached its definitive form with the organization of Sufism ... into orders or brotherhoods. Healing in the Sufi way begins by establishing a deep connection with Divine Love, then opening to streams of healing light from God, and culminates in transforming physical illness and emotional pain into states of greater health and spiritual wholeness. [35] Ali is regarded as one of the major figures amongst the Sahaba who have directly pledged allegiance to Muhammad, and Sufis maintain that through Ali, knowledge about Muhammad and a connection with Muhammad may be attained. A number of western converts to Islam have also embraced Sufism,[citation needed] sometimes resulting in considerable syncretism or generic spiritualism detached from Islam, as in the case of "Universal Sufism" or the writings of René Guénon or G. I. Gurdjieff. [42][43] According to the late medieval mystic, the Persian poet Jami,[44] Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah (died c. 716) was the first person to be called a "Sufi". Sufism is a mystical form of Islam, a school of practice that emphasizes the inward search for God and shuns materialism. 011→ Sufism ( tasawwuf) is a knowledge through which one knows the states of the human soul, praiseworthy or blameworthy, how to purify it from the blameworthy and ennoble it by acquiring the praiseworthy [qualities], and to journey and proceed to Allah Most High, fleeing unto Him [by taking a spiritual path - tarîq]. The Ni'matullāhī order is the most widespread Sufi order of Persia today. [13] Ibn Arabi believes that God's attributes and names are manifested in this world and that the most complete and perfect display of these divine attributes and names are seen in Muhammad. It is through Muhammad that Sufis aim to learn about, understand and connect with God. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (died 1986) was a Sufi Sheikh from Sri Lanka. Objectives Of Sufism . In modern scholarly usage the term serves to describe a wide range of social, cultural, political and religious phenomena associated with Sufis. Such a concept may be understood by the hadith, which Sufis regard to be authentic, in which Muhammad said, "I am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate. Ahmed Tijani (1735–1815), in Arabic سيدي أحمد التجاني (Sidi Ahmed Tijani), is the founder of the Tijaniyya Sufi order. [13], Sufis believe the sharia (exoteric "canon"), tariqa ("order") and haqiqa ("truth") are mutually interdependent. Sufism is practiced by millions of people around the world, including in the United States. [171] Rabi'a was born of very poor origin, but was captured by bandits at a later age and sold into slavery. It was founded by Llewellyn Vaughan-Lee to continue the work of his teacher Irina Tweedie, herself a practitioner of both Hinduism and neo-Sufism. Then, when I love him, I am his hearing through which he hears, his sight through which he sees, his hand through which he grasps, and his foot through which he walks. Prominent Sufi leader Hasan of Basra is said to have castigated himself before her superior merits and sincere virtues. Sufism requires the strict observance of all religious obligations, an austere lifestyle, and the renunciation of carnal desires. From Rumi poetry and Sufi dancing or whirling, to expressions of Africanicity and the forging of transnational bonds to remote locations in Senegal, Sri Lanka, and Turkey, Varieties of American Sufism immerses the reader in diverse expressions of contemporary Sufi religiosity in the United States. Some[who?] [206] Elif Şafak's novel The Forty Rules of Love is a fictionalized account of Rumi's encounter with the Persian dervish Shams Tabrizi. ", Musical instruments (except the Daf) have traditionally been considered as prohibited by the four orthodox Sunni schools,[128][134][135][136][137] and the more orthodox Sufi tariqas also continued to prohibit their use. [90], As a further example, the prospective adherent of the Mevlevi Order would have been ordered to serve in the kitchens of a hospice for the poor for 1001 days prior to being accepted for spiritual instruction, and a further 1,001 days in solitary retreat as a precondition of completing that instruction.[92]. For the idea of sanctification in Islam, see, Contributions to other domains of scholarship, The following are among definitions of Sufism quoted in an early Sufi treatise by. Furthermore, Junayd of Baghdad regarded Ali as Sheikh of the principals and practices of Tasawwuf. Likewise, several governments and organisations have advocated the promotion of Sufism as a means of combating intolerant and violent strains of Islam. First fundamental difference between Islam and Sufism is about the perception of God. of کرامة karāmah, lit. Although the overwhelming majority of Sufis, both pre-modern and modern, were and are adherents of Sunni Islam, there also developed certain strands of Sufi practice within the ambit of Shia Islam during the late medieval period, particularly after the Safavid conversion of Iran from majority Sunni to Shia. [173] She is said to have proclaimed, running down the streets of Basra, Iraq: O God! [38], Practitioners of Sufism hold that in its early stages of development Sufism effectively referred to nothing more than the internalization of Islam. [104] This poem is still widely recited and sung amongst Sufi groups and lay Muslims alike all over the world. [185][186] Orientalists have proposed a variety of diverse theories pertaining to the nature of Sufism, such as it being influenced by Neoplatonism or as an Aryan historical reaction against "Semitic" cultural influence. Several sections of the Revival of Religious Sciences have been published in translation by the Islamic Texts Society. NOTE: This book has also been published under the title, ***"The Thoughtful Guide to Sufism"***. O Saadi, do not think that one can treat that way of purity except in the wake of the chosen one. Annemarie Schimmel, Deciphering the signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), pp. This practice of dhikr is called Dhikr-e-Qulb (invocation of Allah within the heartbeats). "[36] Eminent Sufis such as Ali Hujwiri refer to Ali as having a very high ranking in Tasawwuf. Sufism Reoriented is an offshoot of it charted by the syncretistic teacher Meher Baba. Safavid conversion of Iran from majority Sunni to Shia, celebration of the birthdays of Sufi saints, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "Sufism, Sufis, and Sufi Orders: Sufism's Many Paths", "Taking Initiation (Bay'ah) | The Naqshbandiyya Nazimiyya Sufi Order of America: Sufism and Spirituality", "Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib - Ali, The Father of Sufism - Alim.org", https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jami, https://www.academia.edu/40141803/Persian_Poetry_Sufism_and_Ismailism_The_Testimony_of_Khwajah_Qasim_Tushtaris_Recognizing_God, "Dr. Jonathan AC Brown - What is Sufism? hithbonen efo be-masoreth mufla'a zo, citing the Talmudic explanation of Jeremiah 13:27 in Chagigah 5b; in Rabbi Yaakov Wincelberg's translation, "The Way of Serving God" (Feldheim), p. 429 and above, p. 427. Sufi poets and philosophers such as Khoja Akhmet Yassawi, Rumi, and Attar of Nishapur (c. 1145 – c. 1221) greatly enhanced the spread of Islamic culture in Anatolia, Central Asia, and South Asia. Some sources state that Sufism is the inner dimensions of the teachings of Muhammad whereas others say that Sufism emerged during the Islamic Golden Age from about the 8th to 10th centuries. The report stressed the Sufi role as moderate traditionalists open to change, and thus as allies against violence. Bayazid Bastami is a very well recognized and influential Sufi personality. Thus, practice of "techniques" is not the cause, but instead the occasion for such knowledge to be obtained (if at all), given proper prerequisites and proper guidance by a master of the way. While all Muslims believe that they are on the pathway to Allah and hope to become close to God in Paradise—after death and after the Last Judgment—Sufis also believe that it is possible to draw closer to God and to more fully embrace the divine presence in this life. [8][9] Practitioners of Sufism have been referred to as "Sufis" (from صُوفِيّ‎, ṣūfīy).[6]. Gilani spent his early life in Na'if, a town just East to Baghdad, also the town of his birth. Thus Sufism has been characterized as the science of the states of the lower self (the ego), and the way of purifying this lower self of its reprehensible traits, while adorning it instead with what is praiseworthy, whether or not this process of cleansing and purifying the heart is in time rewarded by esoteric knowledge of God. [21][19] In recent times, it has been increasingly used by scholars like Mark Sedgwick in another sense, to describe various forms of Sufi-influenced spirituality in the West, in particular the deconfessionalized spiritual movements which emphasize universal elements of the Sufi tradition and de-emphasize its Islamic context. The past two decades have witnessed a reemergence of Sufism in the Gulf states. He was imprisoned for 11 years in a Baghdad prison, before being tortured and publicly dismembered on March 26, 922. It derives its name from Abdul-Qadir Gilani (1077–1166), a native of the Iranian province of Gīlān. [10] These orders meet for spiritual sessions (majalis) in meeting places known as zawiyas, khanqahs or tekke. GCX4SMLLRBSH \ eBook « The Wisdom of Sufism Related Kindle Books The Well-Trained Mind: A Guide to Classical Education at Home (Hardback) WW Norton Co, United States, 2016. [88], To the Sufi, it is the transmission of divine light from the teacher's heart to the heart of the student, rather than worldly knowledge, that allows the adept to progress. At the forefront of the philosophical movement in Spain were Ibn Bajjah, Ibn Tufail, Ibn Rushd, and a Jewish scholar named Ibn Maimun. He spent twenty-five years as a reclusive wanderer in the desert regions of Iraq. Many note the similarities between Sufism, monasticism, and … The Chishti Order (Persian: چشتیہ‎) was founded by (Khawaja) Abu Ishaq Shami ("the Syrian"; died 941) who brought Sufism to the town of Chisht, some 95 miles east of Herat in present-day Afghanistan. شيوخ shuyūkh), of Sufism is a Sufi who is authorized to teach, initiate and guide aspiring dervishes in the islamic faith. [5] A following generation included Abu Bakr al-Shibli, Al-Jurayri [ar], Rudbari, and Ja'far al-Khuldi [ar]. It was patronized by the Mughal rulers, as its founder was their ancestral Pir (Spiritual guide). The Qadiriyyah have not developed any distinctive doctrines or teachings outside of mainstream Islam. The Republic of Turkey banned all Sufi orders and abolished their institutions in 1925, after Sufis opposed the new secular order. His writings, especially al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya and Fusus al-hikam, have been studied within all the Sufi orders as the clearest expression of tawhid (Divine Unity), though because of their recondite nature they were often only given to initiates. The concept of the Sufi Qutb is similar to that of the Shi'i Imam. From the 9th century onwards, Sufism has encapsulated Islamic spirituality.This is the loving heart of Islam, still alive, thriving and widely influential today.

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